Details

General

Morphemic form: V{tqu}V
New orthography: -qquaa, -qqusivoq, -qquvoq, -qqullugu, -qqulluni, -qqunagu, -qqunani
Old orthography: -rĸuvâ
Combinations: Click here
Left sandhi:
Default,
Right sandhi:
Default/none,
Inflection sandhi:
Default/none,
Stem type: Vowel stem
Diathesis: Reflexive
Valency change: Increasing
Valency:
Divalent,
HTR morpheme:
ði,
HTR stem: tquci,

Description and behaviour

Form and usage:

The meaning of this affix is 'Agent bids Patient Vb'. Thus, it is valency-increasing and can form so-called 'double-transitive' verbs, if used on a divalent-stem:

In the latter case, an underlying Agent of the stem can optionally be added in the allative case. Consider the sentence

This is a double-transitive construction: Evap qitsuk paaraa means 'Eva looks after the cat', but by adding V{tqu}V to the stem {paarə}V, we introduce a new Agent (who is doing the bidding), whilst the Patient remains the same. The former/underlying Agent of the stem can the optionally be specified in the allative case (here Evamut). See also the other valency-increasing affixes for more examples of the double-transitive construction.

Note also that the diathesis is reflexive. Thus, if this affix is used in intransitive form without an intervening HTR-morpheme, the meaning becomes: 'Agent bids (someone) to Vb him', which perhaps best can be translated as 'Agent requests to be Vb'ed (by someone)', where someone likewise can be explicitly specified in the allative case, as with the double-transitive constructions above.

Special constructions:
Besides the above, this affix is also used in some special constructions with the contemporative moods:

In both cases, if there is coreference between the object of -qqu- and the subject of the main clause, and this is a 3rd person, then a 4th person contemporative ending is used, i.e. an intransitive ending. Consider the following examples:

The same applies with the negative contemporative endings.


Meanings and examples

  • ingeqquaa, he bids him sit down
    [8]

  • nassiuteqquaa, he bids (someone) send it
    [8]

    From {naŋciut(ə)}V, 'Agent sends Patient', so a t(ə)-stem. Note, this is a double-transitive construction. The person being bidden can be added in the allative case.

  • paareqquaa, he bids (someone) watch over it
    [8]

    Note, this is a double-transitive construction. The person being bidden can be added in the allative case.

  • naalaqquakkit, I bid thee obey (me)
    [4]

  • tikilluaqquarput, we bid him (be) welcome
    [4]

    Or 'we welcome him'. From tikilluarpoq, 'he is welcome' (monovalent) and transitive indicative 1pl/3sg ending V{(q)vut} (we-him). Note: tikilluarit is a standard greeting.

  • tikilluaqqulakkit, let me bid thee (be) welcome
    [4]

    With the optative 1sg/2sg ending.

  • inuulluaqquatsigit, we bid thee good-bye
    [4]

    From inuulluarpoq, 'he lives well', literally 'we bid thee live well'. Note: inuulluarit is a standard farewell expression.

  • palasip uannut paareqquaa, the priest bid me look after it
    [4]

  • peqqusivoq, he commands
    [4]

    With the dummy morpheme {pi}V, giving the pure meaning of the affix, and using the HTR-form.

When used intransitively, without an intervening HTR-morpheme.

  • orneqquvoq, he requests (someone) to come to him
    [8]

  • paareqquvoq, he requests to be looked after
    [8]

    Or 'cared for', 'tended to', etc.

  • tuneqquvoq, he asks for something
    [8]

    I.e., 'he requests to be given something'.

  • ilinnut takusaqquvoq, he would like a visit from thee
    [4]

    I.e., 'he requests to be seen by thee'. Note that the underlying Agent (by someone) is given in the allative case (ilinnut).

When used with positive contemporative endings {(l)lu}. The person who does something in order to Vb will be the object of the sentence.

  • taama oqarpoq naalaqqulluni, thus he spoke in order to be obeyed
    [4]

    Note: 4sg ending, because the person to be obeyed is the same as the subject of the main clause.

  • nassarpakka ilissinnut takoqqullugit, I brought them (in order) for you to see them
    [4]

When used with negative contemporative endings {na}. The person who does not Vb will be the object of the sentence.


References