Details

General

Morphemic form: N{-licaq}V
New orthography: -lisarpoq
Old orthography: -lissarpoĸ, -issarpoĸ
Combinations: Click here
Constituents: N{-liq}V, ?,
Variants: N{-licaaq}V,
Left sandhi:
Truncative,
Replacive,
/VC/ deleting,
Irregular,
Right sandhi:
Default/none,
Inflection sandhi:
Default/none,
Stem type: q-stem
Diathesis: Subjective
Valency change: None
Valency:
Monovalent,

Description and behaviour

Form and usage:

This affix has two entirely different meanings:

The he Comparative Eskimo Dictionary records the origin of this affix as {liẑa(a)q-}, and hypothesise that it might be a combination of {li-} and {ðaʀ-}, i.e. N{-li}V and V{ðaq}V. However, this does not seem particularly convincing, given the 'bring along' meaning. It is not clear whether this is actually two different affixes (or combinations), that have simply resulted in the same form, or whether it in fact is a single affix. However, in Schultz-Lorentzen (1958), both meanings are listed under the same affix.

Schultz-Lorentzen (1958) notes that this affix is derived from N{-lək}N, 'one equipped with'. If this were true, the first vowel should be /ə/, rather than /i/. On the other hand, Kleinschmidt (1871) thinks it is derived from N{-liq}V, used in a reflexive sense, 'Actor has equipped himself with N'. I find this more plausible than N{-lək}N, because of the left-sandhi behaviour of the present affix, which seems to be the same as that of N{-liq}V, also according to Schultz-Lorentzen's own description. Thus, I record the first vowel as /i/, rather than /ə/.

Regardless of whether the first morpheme is N{-lək}V or N{-liq}V, the source of the remainder of the affix, /caq/, is unknown. I am not aware of a truncative morpheme of this form.

Lastly, note also the variant form N{-licaaq}V, 'be wearing N', which seems to be from the same morpheme, according to the Comparative Eskimo Dictionary. The meaning also seems related to the meaning 'has brought with him' (since people necessarily bring along what they are wearing).


Left sandhi:

This affix is regularly truncative. It can also cause replacivity on tə-stems, such that /təl/ ⇒ /s/. However, curiously, in some (but not all) of the examples in Schultz-Lorentzen (1958), it seems that this sound change instead is /təl/ ⇒ /c/. Thus, we have

Based on the examples given, it appears that this difference follows the difference in meaning, i.e.

This would seem to suggest that this affix indeed is two different morphemes with the same apparent form. However, in Ordbogeeraq (1951), the same example is spelt angusissarpoĸ, thus indicating that the sound change also is /təl/ ⇒ /s/ here. Kleinschmidt (1871) does not give any examples of this affix on tə-stems, and Chr. Rasmussen (1888) does not record it, so with only these two (conflicting) sources of the old-orthography spelling, it is unclear which one of them is right.

Finally, the affix may may optionally remove a final /VC/ from the preceding stem, whilst dropping its own initial /l/, and cause compensatory gemination in the preceding stem, if possible. This may in particular happen with weak, geminating stem, but Schultz-Lorentzen (1958) also give other examples. However, this behaviour is likely not used nowadays.


Meanings and examples

Only with nouns for people, as in 'he looks like his grandfather' etc.

  • angusisarpoq, he resembles his father
    [4]

    From angut, 'man; father', with replacivity. Note: Schultz-Lorentzen spells this angussissarpoĸ, indicating /təl/ ⇒ /c/. However, in Ordbogeeraq (1951), it is spelt angusissarpoĸ, which is the regular form of replacivity.

  • arnisarpoq, she resembles her mother
    [4]

    From arnaq, 'woman; mother', with removal of the final /aq/ and drop of /l/.

  • aatalisarpoq, he resembles his grandfather
    [4]

    From aatak, 'grandfather'.

  • qatanngusisarpoq, he resembles his siblings
    [4]

    From qatanngut, 'sibling'. Note: Schultz-Lorentzen spells this ĸatángussissarpoĸ, indicating /təl/ ⇒ /c/. However, in Oqaatsit (1997), the same example is given as regular qatanngutilisarpoq without replacivity.

Or 'Actor has equipped himself with N'.

  • sakkulisarpoq, he has equipped himself with weapons
    [4]

    From sakku, 'weapon'.

  • tuppisarput, they brought a telt with them
    [4]

    From {tupəq}N, 'tent'. In this case, /əq/ was deleted, and /l/ was dropped, and with compensatory gemination of /p/ to /pp/. This stem normally has metathesis, but it is not clear whether that contributes to triggering this behaviour.

  • ulimaasisarpoq, he brought along his axe
    [4]

    Old orthography: ulimausissarpoĸ. From ulimaat, 'axe', with ordinary replacivity.

  • qaannisarpoq, he brought his kayak with him
    [6]

    Old orthography: ĸáinissarpoĸ. From qajaq (pl. qaannat), 'kayak', with deletion of final /VC/ and loss of /l/ and compensatory gemination. See the entry for {qajaq}N for the gemination pattern.

  • allakkisarpoq, he brought his letter with him
    [6]

    Old orthography: agdlagkissarpoĸ. From allagaq (pl. allakkat), 'letter', with deletion of final /VC/ and loss of /l/ and compensatory gemination.

  • aallaasisarpoq, he brought his rifle with him
    [6]

    Old orthography: autdlaisissarpoĸ. From aallaat, 'rifle', with ordinary replacivity.

  • taqussisarpoq, he brought provisions with him
    [6]

    Old orthography: taĸússissarpoĸ. From taquaq (pl. taqussat), 'provision(s) for a journey', with deletion of final /VC/ and loss of /l/ and compensatory gemination.

  • kamilisarpoq, he brought his boots with him
    [8]

    From {kamək}N, 'boot'. This is regularly formed, but presumably the form could also be kammisarpoq, by using the older rules with deletion of /VC/ and compensatory gemination.

  • najalisarpoq, he brought along his little sister
    [8]

    From najak, 'little sister'. This is regularly formed. However, this word can (or could) sometimes geminate, following the same strange pattern as qajaq. Hence, using the older rules, the form could presumably also be naannisarpoq (old orthography: náinissarpoĸ) with deletion of /VC/ and compensatory gemination.

  • pujortaatilisarpoq, he brought his pipe with him
    [4]

    From pujortaat, '(smoking) pipe'. This is regularly formed, but presumably the form could also be pujortaasisarpoq with replacivity.


References