Details

General

Morphemic form: V{(gi)jaqtuq}V
New orthography: -artorpoq, -jartorpoq, -riartorpoq, -kkiartorpoq, -tsartorpoq
Old orthography: -iartorpoĸ, -tsartorpoĸ
Sources:
[9]
[11]
[10]
[13]
Combinations: Click here
Left sandhi:
Irregular,
Right sandhi:
Default/none,
Inflection sandhi:
Default/none,
Stem type: q-stem
Diathesis: None
Valency change: Preserving
Valency:
None,

Description and behaviour

Form and usage:

This affix has two quite different meanings:

There also exist two other affixes, each with one of the two meanings:

They may be used instead of the present affix to disambiguate which meaning is meant.

V{(gi)jaqtuaaq}V seems to be an extension of V{(gi)jaqtuq}V, although it is not clear what the origin of the phonemes /aaq/ is. However, both have the same left-sandhi behaviour, which is governed by a special rule; namely that the (gi) segment is only present on consonant stems. The Comparative Eskimo Dictionary [15] suggest that V{(gi)jaqtuq}V, in turn, may have been formed from a combination of the variant V{gijaq}V and a morpheme {tuʀ-} denoting repeated action, although this does not explain the special left-sandhi behaviour of this affix.


Left sandhi:

The affix is additive, but it also has an idiosyncratic left-sandhi rule: The initial segment (gi) is dropped on all vowel stems, but inserted on all consonant stems (including ut(ə)-stems, since this affix is additive and thus attaches to /t/). Thus, this affix has two forms:

The affix then uses the ordinary sound rules, as usual, which then regularly generate four possible forms:

Behaviour on t(ə)-stems:
The above describes the regular behaviour today. However, Kleinschmidt [9] and Schultz-Lorentzen [10] also note a fifth form, -tsartor-, which may optionally be used on t(ə)-stems, instead of the regular -kkiartor-, which would normally be used, since the affix is additive and therefore is joined onto /t/, and with /gi/ appearing, so /tgi/ ⇒ [kki]. However, if speakers instead regard t(ə)-stems as vowel stems, then /gi/ would be dropped, and thus we would get

where (ə) still would be elided, since the affix is additive, and /tj/ would be strengthened to [tc] by the fricative rule, and spelt 'ts'.

This special behaviour in t(ə)-stems does not appear to be used today, but it may be seen in older texts.


Meanings and examples

The affix V{gijaq}V may alternatively be used in this sense, which can also help to disambiguate the meaning from the other usage of this affix ('more and more').

  • suliartorpoq, he goes to work
    [13]

    This is a vowel stem, sulivoq, so we get /sulijaqtuqvuq/ ⇒ suliartorpoq. /gi/ drops, because it is a vowel stem, and /j/ is not written, because it follows an [i] sound.

  • takujartorpaa, he goes (somewhere) to see it

    This is a vowel stem, takuaa, so /gi/ drops.

  • sinikkiartorpoq, he goes (somewhere) to sleep
    [13]

    This is a k-stem, sinippoq, so /gi/ is retained, thus we get /sinəkgijaqtuqvuq/, where /kg/ assimilate and strengthen to [kk] by the ordinary sound rules.

  • atuariartorpoq, he goes (somewhere) to read

    This is a q-stem stem, atuarpoq, so /gi/ is retained and /qg/ merge to /r/ as usual.

  • qaqikkiartortigu, let us go an pull it up
    [9]

    This is a t-stem, qaqippaa, 'he pulls it up', and with the imperative 1pl/3sg ending V{təgu}, here denoting mutual exhortation, 'let us Vb'.

  • oqaatsartorpaa, he goes to tell him off
    [10]

    This is a t(ə)-stem, oqaappaa, 'he tells him off'. This example illustrates the archaic behaviour on t(ə)-stems. The modern form would be the regular oqaakkiartorpaa.

  • annaatsartorlugit, (he) is come to save them
    [10]

    This is a t(ə)-stem, annaappaa, 'he saves him'. This example illustrates the archaic behaviour on t(ə)-stems. The modern form would be the regular annaakkiartorpaa.

This meaning may not be as common as 'go and Vb', but it does exist and is also used productively in this sense.

  • issikkiartorpoq, it is getting colder and colder

    From issippoq, 'it is cold'.

  • paasileriartorpara, I (am beginning to) understand it better and better
    [9]

    From paasivaa, 'he understands it'.

  • ineriartorneq, development
    [13]

    From inerpoq, 'it is finished', so literally 'the act of becoming more and more finished'.

This meaning is mentioned by Kleinschmidt [9] , and is an extension of the 'more and more' meaning. It occurs with the first clause in the contemporative or causative mood. Note that Subject1 and Subject2 can be different, or they can refer to the same person.

  • avannamut piartorluni aasami ulloq talliartorpoq, the farther north one goes, the longer the day becomes in the summer
    [9]

    Here, Subject1=Subject2 is the impersonal '(some)one'. The first clause is here in the contemporative mood.

  • anniariartorami taamatut ilalaariartorpoq, the more his pains increased, the more patient he became
    [9]

    Here, the first clause is in the causative mood, and Subject1=Subject2.