Details

General

Morphemic form: V{-t}V
New orthography: -ppaa, -tsivoq
Old orthography: '-pâ, -tsivoĸ
Sources: [16]
Combinations: Click here
See also: V{tət}V,
Left sandhi:
Truncative,
Right sandhi:
tð⇒ts,
Inflection sandhi:
Default/none,
Stem type: t-stem
Diathesis: Reflexive
Valency change: Increasing
Valency:
None,
HTR morpheme:
ði,
HTR stem: -tci,

Description and behaviour

Form and usage:

This is an old, non-productive morpheme. It is a transitiviser, found in many divalent t-stems, where there exists a corresponding monovalent stem without the final /t/ - usually a vowel stem. Its meaning seems to be to add a new, causative Agent to the verbal action; i.e. when added to a monovalent stem meaning 'Actor Vb', the meaning changes thus:

Nowadays V{tət}V would be used (productively) to obtain the same meaning. It might even be the case that V{tət}V is derived from V{-t}V, as is also suggested by the Comparative Eskimo Dictionary.


Right sandhi:

Since this is a t-stem, /tð/ may optionally yield [tc], spelt 'ts', when a stem formed with this morpheme is used with e.g. the intransitive participle V{ðuq}N, or intransitive participial endings. It always happens with the HTR-morpheme {ði}, hence the HTR-stem of this affix is {tci}, spelt -tsi- in the new orthography, which often is an indicator of the presence of this affix.


Meanings and examples

Nowadays V{tət}V would be used (productively) in this sense.

  • toquppaa, toqutsivoq, he kills him, he kills (something) [14]

    The base is {tuqut}V, and note the corresponding monovalent base {tuqu}V, 'he dies', without this morpheme.

  • anippaa, anitsivoq, he ejects it, he ejects (something) [14]

    The base is {anət}V, and note the corresponding monovalent base {anə}V, 'he exits/goes out', without this morpheme.