Details

General

Description

This affix is one of the few that may even follow the sentential segment of a verb. It is seemingly never used with a HTR-morpheme.

It can be added to both monovalent and divalent stems, which however affects the meaning slightly:

• On a avalent/monovalent stem, this affix will mean 'Agent says that Patient=Actor Vb' with the new Patient being equal to the Actor of the monovalent stem. If used with an intransitive ending, the meaning becomes reflexive: 'Agent says that he (himself) Vb'.

• On a divalent stem (Actor1 Vb Patient1), this affix will mean 'Actor1=Actor2 says that he (himself, Actor2) Vb'ed Patient1=Patient2'. Or in other words, the Agent who did the Vb'ing (Agent1) and the Agent who does the saying (Agent2) is the same person, and the Patient in both the stem and this affix is also the same (Patient1=Patient2).

• It is, however, also possible to use this affix in a sense, where the two Agents do not coincide, such that the Agent who does the Vb'ing in the stem (Agent1) is different from the Agent who does the saying in the affix (Agent2). This would be a so-called double transitive construction, and in this case, the meaning will be 'Agent2 says that Patient2=Patient1 was Vb'ed (by someone = Agent1)'. Here, the previous Agent of the stem (Agent1) is left unspecified ('by someone') and is not mentioned in the ending. It can, however be added in the allative case, as an argument to the verb.
  You will have to rely on context to decide whether the two Agents coincide or not.

Verb stem

Meaning(s)