Details
General
| Morphemic form: | V{tət}V (Combinations) |
| New orthography: | +tippaa, -tippaa, -tsippaa, +sippaa, -sippaa, +titsivoq, -titsivoq, -tsitsivoq, +tippoq, -tippoq, -tsippoq, +sippoq, -sippoq, +tillugu, -tillugu, -tsillugu, +sillugu, -sillugu, +tinnagu, -tinnagu, -tsinnagu, +sinnagu, -sinnagu |
| Proto-eskimoic root: | tət- |
| Morpheme type: | Verbal modifier |
| Left sandhi: | t-truncative (additive, except on t-stems) |
| Right sandhi: | tc-exception |
Description
Form and usage:
This affix may be related to an old (now non-productive) morpheme V{-t}V with more or less the same meaning. If so, the truncativity on t-stems could be explained as being originally caused by simply extending V{-t}V to V{tət}V, and this behaviour may then have been generalised to other t-stems (and ut(ə)-stems as well).
Left sandhi:This affix may be truncative on t-stems, and on ut(ə)-stems it attaches to /ə/, thus causing it to appear. Otherwise, it is additive. Here are some examples:
- V{ŋŋit}V{tət}V ⇒ /ŋŋitət/ ⇒ /ŋŋisət/ ⇒ -nngisit-. The final /t/ of V{ŋŋit}V is deleted, and the preceding /i/ then causes /t/ to become /s/ by the t-to-s rule. An example of this can be seen in the word assigiinngisitsineq, 'discrimination'.
- V{-ut(ə)}V{tət}V ⇒ /utətət/ ⇒ -utitit-. V{tət}V behaves truncatively here, so (ə) resurfaces. An example of this can be seen in the word ikkutitippaa, 'he lets it be attached'.
Verb stem
| Right sandhi: | Regular |
| Valency: | Valency-increasing |
| Diathesis: | Patientive (NAP) |
| HTR-morpheme: | {ði} |
| HTR-stem: | V{tətci}V |
Meaning(s)
| Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|
Agent lets/causes Patient to Vb |
The meaning of this affix is to signal causation. It is a valency increasing affix, so it will yield a divalent stem when affixed to a monovalent stem, but if affixed to a divalent stem, it will yield a trivalent stem. In this case, the Agent of the stem is demoted to an underlying agent (which can be specified in the allative case), whilst the agent of V{tət}V becomes the Agent of the resulting stem. The Patient of V{tət}V is identified with the Patient of the stem, or the Actor of the stem, if it is monovalent. |
Examples |
Patient is (being) Vb'ed |
When used intransitively without an intervening HTR morpheme. This is a resultative passive meaning, denoting a state of being of the Patient being subjected to an action caused by someone/something else. |
Examples |
while Patient Vb'ed |
With positive contemporative endings. See the AITWG, chapter 10 for an in-depth description of this construction. | Examples |
before Patient Vb'ed |
With negative contemporative endings. See the AITWG, chapter 10 for an in-depth description of this construction. | Examples |
Agent thinks that Patient Vb |
In this sense, the affix primarily occurs on adjectival stems (e.g. {aŋə}V, {mikə}V etc.), or following an affix with a similar meaning, such as N{-u}V (be), N{-qaq}V (have) and V{naq}V (it is Vb'able). | Examples |