Details
General
| Morphemic form: | V{llaarə}V |
| New orthography: | -llaaraaq, -llaraasoq, -llaraangat, -llaraaluni |
| Old orthography: | -tdlaraoĸ, -tdlaraissoĸ, -tdlaraingat, -tdlarailune |
| Combinations: | Click here |
| Constituents: | V{llaq}V, V{ðarə}V, |
| See also: | V{ðarə}V, V{naarə}V, V{nallaarə}V, |
| Left sandhi: | Default,
|
| Right sandhi: | Irregular,
|
| Inflection sandhi: | Irregular,
ə-contraction,
|
| Stem type: | ə-stem |
| Diathesis: | None |
| Valency change: | Preserving |
| Valency: | None,
|
Description and behaviour
Form and usage:
This is a special combination of V{llaq}V, here acting as a generic strengthener/emphasis, and the highly irregular affix V{ðarə}V, 'repeated action'. The latter has suppletion with two other morphemes: an historical morpheme {ɣai-} or {ɣaa-}, and another, non-productive habitual marker {aʀ-}, i.e. V{-aq}V. The general suppletive form is V{garə}V, but it may in certain cases also appear as V{-arə}V or V{gai}V. The present affix is formed with V{-arə}V, but the form V{gai}V may also show up in some of the inflections, as noted below.
Right sandhi:
Right sandhi is inherited from the right-most component, V{ðarə}V. See this for details.
Inflection sandhi:
The affix has contracted endings in the indicative and interrogative moods, as is usual with ə-stems. However, according to the description in Kleinschmidt's dictionary [13], the present affix uses the suppletive form {gai} instead of {-arə} before certain other mood markers; namely the intransitive participial {ðu}, the causative {ga}, which also becomes {ŋa}, and the contemporative {(l)lu}, which also becomes {lu}. The latter two changes of the mood marker are (or were, in the case of causative) also standard with ə-stems, but here they seem to be used too, even though the suppletive form {gai} does not contain /ə/. Thus, in summary:
The affix has ə-contractive endings in the indicative and interrogative moods: i.e. /v/ is deleted from the mood markers {vu}, {va}, {vi}. Thus we get forms like /llaarəa/, /llaarəunga/, /llaarəuq/, /llaarəut/ etc., as is standard for ə-stems.
Presumably, the special imperative endings for 2sg may also be used, as they are also standard with ə-stems, although Kleinschmidt does not mention this; i.e. -llaariit and -llaaruuk.
In the intransitive participial mood, i.e. before the mood marker {ðu}, the suppletive form {gai} is used in the combination, i.e. {llaq}{gai} ⇒ {llarai}. Thus we get /llaraiðuq/ ⇒ -llaraasoq with a short [a] sound. It is unclear, whether this also happens before the intransitive participle V{ðuq}N, which historically is the same morpheme.
In the causative mood, i.e. before the mood marker {ga}, the suppletive form {gai} is also used. Furthermore, {ga} changes to {ŋa}, and in the 3rd person {ŋ}, instead of the special 3rd person mood marker {(m)m} that is normally used nowadays. Both of these changes were previously regular with ə-stems in general, but do not appear to be commonly used today. However, as the suppletive form {gai} is used here, there is actually no /ə/, even though the endings are still those of a ə-stem. Thus we get the forms /llaraiŋama/, /llaraiŋavət/ and 3.sg /llaraiŋat/ etc., similar to the iterative mood.
In the contemporative mood, i.e. before the mood marker {(l)lu}, the suppletive form {gai} is also used. Furthermore, {(l)lu} changes to {lu}, as is also standard with ə-stems, even though no /ə/ is present here. Thus we get forms like /llarailuŋa/, /llarailuni/ etc.
It is unclear which, if any of these special rules, apart from the ordinary ə-contracted endings in the indicative and interrogative moods, that are used today. Thus, it may also be that it is conjugated as an entirely ordinary ə-stem nowadays, i.e. with /ə/ ⇒ [a] in the contemporative mood and {lu} as mood marker, but without any suppletion, and with no changes in any of the other moods. It may depend on the age of the speaker.
Meanings and examples
I.e., this is a generic strengthener of the habitual/recurrent meaning of V{ðarə}V.
- angillaaraat, they are (habitually/recurrently) particularly big
[13]
Old orthography: angitdlâraut. From angivoq, 'it is big'.
- kajumillaaraaq, he is always/habitually particularly willing
[13]
Old orthography: kajumitdlâraoĸ. From kajumippoq, 'he is willing'.
- takorluullaaraara, I often/regularly have a (particularly vivid) vision of him; I often/regularly see him vividly before my eyes
[13]
Old orthography: takordlûtdlârâra, from takorloorpaa, 'he imagines/has a vision of him'.
- sivitsunngitsoq anillaaraaq, he briefly skips outside (at regular intervals)
[8]
From anivoq, 'he goes out'.
- nipangersimammersorluni oqallaaraaq, after having been silent for a while, he usually exclaims [8]
From oqarpoq, 'he says something'.
- qitilluni nuannillaaraaq, it is such great fun to dance (habitually)
[8]
From nuannerpoq, 'it is fun/enjoyable'.
- tuniteriarluni qujallaaraaq, every time he gets a present he says thanks (a lot)
[8]
From qujavoq, 'he says thanks'.
References
- [4] C.W. Schultz-Lorentzen (1958): Den Grønlandske Ordbog.
- [8] Christian Berthelsen, Birgitte Jakobsen, Robert Petersen, Inge Kleivan & Jørgen Rischel (1997): Oqaatsit.
- [13] Samuel Kleinschmidt (1871): Den grønlandske Ordbog.