Details
General
Morphemic form: | V{t(s)aili}V |
New orthography: | +taalivaa, +tsaalivaa, +taalisivoq, +tsaalisivoq |
Old orthography: | -tailivâ, -tsailivâ, -tailissivoĸ, -tsailissivoĸ |
Combinations: | Click here |
Variants: | V{t(s)ailiuq}V, |
See also: | V{tət}V, |
Left sandhi: | Default,
Irregular,
|
Right sandhi: | Default/none,
|
Inflection sandhi: | Default/none,
|
Stem type: | Vowel stem |
Diathesis: | Reflexive |
Valency change: | Increasing |
Valency: | Divalent,
|
HTR morpheme: | ði,
|
HTR stem: | t(s)ailici, |
Description and behaviour
Form and usage:
The meaning of this affix is 'Agent
prevents Patient
from Vb'ing'.
Note that the affix is valency-increasing, by adding a new Agent
to the verbal action.
Hence, the affix can also be used to create so-called 'double-transitive' constructions:
- If the underlying stem is monovalent, the
Actor
is then equated with thePatient
role of the affix. - If the underlying stem is divalent, the
Patient
role of the stem (Patient1
) is equated with thePatient
role of the affix (Patient2
), whilst theAgent
role of the stem (Agent1
) is shadowed and therefore unspecified in the ending The underlyingAgent
of the stem can then be referenced with an explicit noun in the allative case. See the entry for V{tət}V for examples of this type of construction.
Hence, the possible meanings are as follows:
- On avalent/monovalent stems:
Agent
preventsActor
=Patient
from Vb'ing - On divalent stems:
Agent2
preventsPatient1
=Patient2
from being Vb'ed (by someone=Agent1
)
According to the Comparative Eskimo Dictionary, it may also be used intransitively without a HTR-morpheme (particularly in North Greenlandic) in a reflexive sense, i.e. 'he prevents himself from Vb'ing', which is understood as: 'Agent
refuses to Vb'.
The Comparative Eskimo Dictionary suggest that this affix is formed through a combination of V{tət}V, V{-ðaq}N and N{-it}V, but it is not clear how that combination should yield the present-day form. Thus we do not record the combination here.
Left sandhi:
" This affix is sandhi-epenthetic (additive), but unlike most other affixes of this kind, the epenthetic /(s)/ is injected within the affix (after /t/), rather than before it, and this /s/ does not assimilate the preceding /t/. This is therefore, in a way, similar to the behaviour of the affix V{(t)siq}V and related affixes, although the epenthetic consonant there is the first (as usual), rather than the second.
Furthermore, the /ts/-form also appears when following V{ŋŋit}V, and possibly other t-stems as well; i.e. the affix is t-truncative similar to V{tət}V and then injects /s/. Thus the behaviour is as follows:
- On vowel stems: /tsaili/ with injection of /s/
- On k-stems and q-stems: /taili/
- On V{ŋŋit}V: /ŋŋitsaili/ with deletion of /t/ from the stem and then injection of /s/
Meanings and examples
- aportaalivaa, he prevents him from bumping into (something)
[4]
- unittaalivaa, he prevents it from stopping
[4]
I.e., 'he keeps it moving', from unippoq, 'it stops'.
- qaqitsaalivaa, he prevents him from reaching the summit of it
[4]
E.g. a mountain, from qaqivaa, 'he reaches the top of it'.
- neritsaalivaa, he prevents him from eating
[8]
Or 'he prevents (someone) from eating it'. The stem {nərə}V, 'eat' is divalent but agentive, so the meaning can change depending on whether the stem is understood as meaning
Actor
=Agent
eats or 'Agent
eatsPatient
'. In the former case, the result is normally divalent/transitive, withActor
=Agent
mapped to thePatient
of the affix; but in the latter case, theAgent
of the stem is shadowed by theAgent
of the affix, and instead thePatient
of the stem is mapped to thePatient
of the affix. Hence, the result is trivalent/double-transitive, and the underlyingAgent
(someone) can be re-added in the allative case. - sianigigiuk qimminut neritsaalillugu!, be careful the dogs don't eat it!
[4]
The main verb is sianigigiuk, 'be (thou) careful of it' which is imperative. The other verb, containing V{t(s)aili}V, is built from the divalent stem {nərə}V, i.e. nerivaa, 'he eats it'. Hence, the construction here is double-transitive: the underlying sentence is qimmit nerivaat, 'the dogs eat it'. The affix adds a new
Agent
(mapped to 'thou'), which shadows the underlyingAgent
(the dogs), and qimmit are therefore re-added in the allative case, qimminut. - aallartaalivaa, he prevents him from departing
[8]
- pinerluttaalivaa, he prevents him from committing crimes
[8]
- aserfallatsaalivaa, he prevents it from falling apart
[8]
Or 'deteriorating'.
References
- [4] C.W. Schultz-Lorentzen (1958): Den Grønlandske Ordbog.
- [8] Christian Berthelsen, Birgitte Jakobsen, Robert Petersen, Inge Kleivan & Jørgen Rischel (1997): Oqaatsit.