Details
General
| Morphemic form: | V{ðarijaqaq}V |
| New orthography: | +tariaqarpoq, +sariaqarpoq |
| Old orthography: | -iaĸarpoĸ, -tariaĸarpoĸ, -ssariaĸarpoĸ |
| Sources: | [SK71, under .giaq], [CWSL58, under -iaĸarpoĸ], [CBBJRPIKJR97], [MF84], [FAJN19] |
| Combinations: | View list |
| Constituents: | V{ðaq}V + V{-rijaqaq}V |
| Variants: | V{-rijaqaq}V |
| Left sandhi: | Default |
| Right sandhi: | Default/none |
| Inflection sandhi: | Default/none |
| Stem type: | q-stem |
Description and behaviour
Form and usage:
This affix denotes an obligation or need to Vb. According to Schultz-Lorentzen [CWSL58], this notion of obligation derives from the component -iaĸ, i.e. the affix V{-rijaq}N, and he records this affix as -iaĸarpoĸ.
The present affix is formed from a combination of V{ðaq}V and V{-rijaqaq}V, and the meaning is the same as the latter affix, according to Kleinschmidt [SK71]. V{ðaq}V does not seem to contribute anything to the meaning, but it is so commonly used with V{-rijaqaq}V that they are nowadays become a single affix. For example, the Oqaatsit dictionary [CBBJRPIKJR97] only records the present combination, but not V{-rijaqaq}V on its own.
The meaning of the present affix is the same as V{-rijaqaq}V, so see that for a longer description of the meanings. Briefly, there are three:
- On monovalent stems (including after HTR): 'one must/ought to Vb'. This usage is valency-decreasing, creating an avalent stem with an impersonal subject.
- On divalent stems: '
Patient=Actormust/ought to be Vb'ed (by theAgent@ALL)'. This usage is valency-decreasing, creating a monovalent stem with thePatientrole promoted toActor, so the meaning becomes passive. The underlyingAgentrole can optionally be referenced in the allative case. - On stems of any valency: '
Subjectmust/ought to Vb'. This usage is valency-preserving, so it can be used with any valency and does not affect the roles.
Kleinschmidt [SK71] considers the third usage 'improper speech', but it nevertheless appears to be quite common today, whereas the valency-decreasing usages may be less common and more likely to be found in older writings.
Meanings and examples
This is the valency-decreasing meaning on monovalent stems. The result is an avalent stem, which can only take an impersonal 3sg or 4sg ending.
- ingittariaqarpoq, one (people) ought to sit down
[CWSL58]
From ingippoq, 'he sits down'. This is difficult to translate directly, since the meaning is avalent; i.e. something like 'there ought to be down-sitting', without directly saying who it is that ought to sit down.
- anisariaqarpoq, one (people) must go out
[SK71]
From anivoq, 'he goes out/exits'.
- anniariaqarpoq, one must suffer (i.e. tolerate) the pain
[SK71]
From anniarpoq, 'he suffers/feels pain'.
This is the valency-decreasing meaning on divalent stems. The result is a monovalent stem with the Patient promoted to Actor. The Agent can optionally be specified in the allative case.
- kaattariaqarpoq, it must be hammered
[CWSL58]
Or 'there must be hammering', from kaappaa, 'he strikes it' (with a stone or hammer).
- salittariaqarpoq, it must be cleaned
[CWSL58]
From salippaa, 'he cleans it'.
- ornittariaqarpunga, I must be approached
[CWSL58]
From ornippaa, 'he approaches him'. This example is difficult to translate directly. The meaning is something like: 'they must come to me', but without mentioning who 'they' are; i.e. 'I must be come-to'ed'.
- nersortariaqarputit, thou ought to be praised
[CWSL58]
From nersorpaa, 'he praises him'.
- uannut ataqqisariaqarpoq, he ought to be honoured by me
[CWSL58]
From ataqqivaa, 'he honours him'. Note that the underlying
Agent'I' is here added in the allative case (uannut). - paarisariaqartippara, I consider it necessary that it is looked after
[CWSL58]
From paaraa, 'he looks after it'. Here the stem is first passivised, i.e. paarisariaqarpoq, 'it must be looked after', and then transitivised with V{tət}V in the sense of 'think/consider'.
- atortariaqarpoq, it must be used
[CBBJRPIKJR97]
From atorpaa, 'he uses it'.
This is the newer, valency-preserving meaning, which Kleinschmidt [SK71] considered incorrect, but is common today. It can be used on stems on any valency and does not affect the roles.
- makittariaqarpoq, he has to get up
[CBBJRPIKJR97]
- sinittariaqarpoq, he needs to sleep
[CBBJRPIKJR97]
- qimaasariaqarpoq, he must flee
[CBBJRPIKJR97]
- nerisariaqarpoq, he needs to eat
[CBBJRPIKJR97]
- sulisariaqarpoq, he needs to work
[CBBJRPIKJR97]
- utoqqatsertariaqarputit, you ought to apologize
- pujortartariaqanngikkaluarpunga, I ought not to smoke (but ...)
With V{ŋŋit}V (negation) and V{galuaq}V (but ...).
- pisariaqarpoq, it is necessary
[CWSL58]
With the dummy root {pi}V, giving the pure meaning of the affix.
- tigusariaqarpara, I must take it
[CWSL58]
From tiguaa, 'he takes it'.
- taama taasariaqanngilaa, he ought not to call him thus
[CWSL58]
From taavaa, 'he names/calls him (something)', and with the negation affix V{ŋŋit}V.
- eqqaamaneqatariaqarpoq, it must be remembered
[FAJN19]
From eqqaamaneqarpoq, 'it is remembered'. Here, the passivising affix V{nəqaq}V has been added in front of the present affix to clarify that the passive meaning is intended.
Search the corpus for further examples.
Tags
References
- [SK71] Samuel Kleinschmidt (1871): Den grønlandske Ordbog.
- [CWSL58] C.W. Schultz-Lorentzen (1958): Den Grønlandske Ordbog.
- [CBBJRPIKJR97] Christian Berthelsen, Birgitte Jakobsen, Robert Petersen, Inge Kleivan & Jørgen Rischel (1997): Oqaatsit.
- [MF84] Michael Fortescue (1984): West Greenlandic (Croom Helm Descriptive Grammars).
- [FAJN19] Flemming A.J. Nielsen (2019): Vestgrønlandsk Grammatik.