Details

General

Morphemic form: V{-rijaqaq}V, V{-gijaqaq}V
New orthography: -riaqarpoq
Old orthography: -iaĸarpoĸ
Sources: [SK71], [CWSL58], [FAJN19]
Combinations: View list
Constituents: V{-rijaq}N + N{-qaq}V
Variants: V{ðarijaqaq}V
Ancestor(s): +{giaqaq}V (PI)
Left sandhi: Truncative
Right sandhi: Default/none
Inflection sandhi: Default/none
Stem type: q-stem

Description and behaviour

Form and usage:

This affix is a combination of V{-rijaq}N + N{-qaq}V, which denotes a form of need or obligation to Vb. Nowadays, it is almost always used with the iterative V{ðaq}V, cf. the combination V{ðarijaqaq}V, and in newer dictionaries such as Oqaatsit [CBBJRPIKJR97] it is only recorded in that form. However, Kleinschmidt [SK71] and Schultz-Lorentzen [CWSL58] list it without V{ðaq}V. Regarding the alternative (non-productive) form with initial /g/, see the description of V{-rijaq}N.

Meaning
This affix has multiple meanings, depending on whether it is used on a monovalent or divalent stem. Fortescue [MF84, p. 265] describes it as passivising, and Kleinschmidt [SK71] describes it as impersonal, like V{naq}V. He defines the meaning as:

However, the meaning seems to have changed over time. Nowadays, it is commonly used in an invariant sense of 'must', i.e.:

In this usage, the affix does not affect the valency of the stem, and it may be used with both transitive and intransitive endings. Kleinschmidt [SK71] already notes this, but calls it 'incorrect speech'. However, it seems to have become the usual meaning today, and e.g. in Oqaatsit [CBBJRPIKJR97], the meaning is not clearly given as passive.

Nielsen [FAJN19] adds that, as the affix seems to be transitioning from being valency-decreasing to being valency-preserving, it may be more customary nowadays to add V{nəqaq}V before this affix, if the passive meaning is intended.

As most of the examples are with V{ðaq}V, see V{ðarijaqaq}V for a larger collection of usage examples.


Left sandhi:

Left sandhi is inherited from the left-most component, V{-rijaq}N. See this for details.


Meanings and examples

This is the valency-decreasing meaning on monovalent stems. The result is an avalent stem, which can only take an impersonal 3sg or 4sg ending.

  • aallariaqarpoq, now there must be travelled [CWSL58]

    From aallarpoq, 'he travels/departs'. The meaning is avalent here, thus leaving it unsaid who it is that must travel.

This is the valency-decreasing meaning on divalent stems. The result is a monovalent stem with the Patient promoted to Actor. The Agent can optionally be specified in the allative case.

  • atoriaqagaq, something that is needed [FAJN19]

    From atorpaa, 'he uses it', and with passive participle V{-ðaq}N, so literally 'something that must be used'.

This is the newer usage, which Kleinschmidt [SK71] considered incorrect. Here, the affix is valency-preserving and can therefore take any ending, both intransitive and transitive.

  • tigusariaqarpara, I must take it [CWSL58]

    From {təgu}V, 'Agent takes Patient' and with the transitive indicative V{IND.1sg} ending. The example is here with V{ðaq}V, but this does not affect the meaning.

  • taama taasariaqanngilaa, he ought not to call him thus [CWSL58]

    From {tai}V, 'Agent names/calls Patient (something@INS)', and with the negation affix V{ŋŋit}V and the transitive indicative V{IND.3sg} ending. The example is here with V{ðaq}V, but this does not affect the meaning.


Search the corpus for further examples.


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References