Details
General
| Morphemic form: | {pik}D |
| New orthography: | pikka, tappika, pikani, pikunga, pikannga, pikuuna, pinnga, pissuma, pikkua |
| Old orthography: | píka, tagpika, pikane, pikunga, pikánga, pikûna, pínga, pigssuma, pigkua |
| Sources: | [MFSJLK10], [SK71], [CWSL58], [CWSL51], [JP67], [CBBJRPIKJR97] |
| Combinations: | View list |
| Right sandhi: | Default/none |
| Inflection sandhi: | Irregular, Demonstrative inflection |
| Stem type: | k-stem |
Description and behaviour
Form and usage:
According to Kleinschmidt [SK71], the meaning of this demonstrative is 'there in the east' (somewhere nearby) or 'above'. This is the meaning in West Greenland, where 'above' means 'higher up' on the slope of the mountains, which are further back in the land, and therefore further to the east. It is the opposite meaning of {kan}D. According to the Comparative Eskimo Dictionary [MFSJLK10], the meaning is 'restricted' in the sense that it denotes a point (a thing, a person, a single item), rather than an area.
Inflection
Inflection pattern:
| Stem type: | k-stem |
| Inflection sandhi: | Irregular, Demonstrative inflection |
| Sources: | [JP67], [CWSL51] |
| Stem before consonant | Stem before vowel | Notable forms | |
|---|---|---|---|
| New orthography | pik | pik | pinnga/tappinnga, pissuma/tappissuma, pikkua/tappikkua, pikka/tappika, pikani, pikunga, pikannga, pikuuna |
| Old orthography | pik | pik | pínga/tagpínga, pigssuma/tagpigssuma, pigkua/tagpigkua, píka/tagpika, pikane, pikunga, pikánga, pikûna |
| Phonemic orthography | pik | pik | pikŋa/taðpikŋa, pikcuma/taðpikcuma, pikkua/taðpikkua, pikka/taðpika, pikani, pikuŋa, pikaŋŋa, pikuuna |
Notes on inflection:
The inflection generally follows the common pattern for demonstrative stems, but using special form D{ŋa} in the absolutive singular pronominal inflection (common for demonstratives ending in a velar consonant). When the prefix {ta(ð)}* is added, the extra consonant /ð/ is inserted (common for demonstratives beginning with a plosive consonant); for unknown reasons, this consonant as spelt as 'g' in the old orthography. In the predicative/exclamatory form (after D{a}), /k/ geminates to /kk/, but the prefix {ta(ð)}* suppresses this gemination. In details:
Pronominal inflection: The pronominal stem is {pik}, and with the anaphoric prefix {ta(ð)}* it is {taðpik} as expected. However, the absolutive singular marker is D{ŋa}, rather than the usual D{na}. The inflectional stems are {pikcum} in singular, and {pikkun} in plural as expected.
Predicative: The exclamatory form is {pikka} (new orthography: pikka; old orthography: píka). Adding the anaphoric prefix {ta(ð)}* suppresses the gemination of /k/, so the form is tappika, old orthography tagpika.
Adverbial inflection: The adverbial stem is {pik}. The locative, allative, ablative and vialis are formed regularly with {ani}, {uŋa}, {aŋŋa}, {uuna}.
Meanings and examples
I.e. higher up on the slope. It is the opposite of {kan}D.
Tags: Restricted, Upwards, Closer to speaker
Search the corpus for further examples.
Tags
- Semantic categorisation / Demonstrative / Restricted
- Semantic categorisation / Demonstrative / Upwards
- Semantic categorisation / Demonstrative / Closer to speaker
References
- [MFSJLK10] Michael Fortescue, Steven Jacobson, Lawrence Kaplan (2010): Comparative Eskimo Dictionary (2ED).
- [SK71] Samuel Kleinschmidt (1871): Den grønlandske Ordbog.
- [CWSL58] C.W. Schultz-Lorentzen (1958): Den Grønlandske Ordbog.
- [CWSL51] C.W. Schultz-Lorentzen (1951): Det Vestgrønlandske Sprog.
- [JP67] Jonathan Petersen (1967): Ordbogêraĸ.
- [CBBJRPIKJR97] Christian Berthelsen, Birgitte Jakobsen, Robert Petersen, Inge Kleivan & Jørgen Rischel (1997): Oqaatsit.