MOFO - Details

Details

General

Morphemic form:	{ik}D
New orthography:	ikka, taakka, ikani, ikunga, ikannga, ikuuna, innga, issuma, ikkua
Old orthography:	íka, táika, ikane, ikunga, ikánga, ikûna, ínga, igssuma, igkua
Sources:	[MFSJLK10], [SK71], [CWSL58], [CWSL51], [JP67], [CBBJRPIKJR97]
Combinations:	View list
Right sandhi:	Default/none
Inflection sandhi:	Irregular, Demonstrative inflection
Stem type:	k-stem

Description and behaviour

Form and usage:

According to Kleinschmidt [SK71], the meaning of this demonstrative is 'there' (somewhere nearby), or 'rightwards along the coast' i.e. 'north' in West Greenland. According to the Comparative Eskimo Dictionary [MFSJLK10], the meaning is 'restricted' in the sense that it denotes a point (a thing, a person, a single item), rather than an area.

Inflection

Inflection pattern:

Stem type:	k-stem
Inflection sandhi:	Irregular, Demonstrative inflection
Sources:	[JP67], [CWSL51]

	Stem before consonant	Stem before vowel	Notable forms
New orthography	ik	ik	innga/taannga, issuma/taassuma, ikkua/taakkua, ikka/taakka, ikani, ikunga, ikannga, ikuuna
Old orthography	ik	ik	ínga/táinga, igssuma/taigssuma, igkua/taigkua, íka/táika, ikane, ikunga, ikánga, ikûna
Phonemic orthography	ik	ik	ikŋa/taikŋa, ikcuma/taikcuma, ikkua/taikkua, ikka/taikka, ikani, ikuŋa, ikaŋŋa, ikuuna

Notes on inflection:

The inflection generally follows the common pattern for demonstrative stems, but using special form D{ŋa} in the absolutive singular pronominal inflection (common for demonstratives ending in a velar consonant):

Pronominal inflection: The pronominal stem is {ik}, and with the anaphoric prefix {ta(ð)}* it is {taik} as expected. However, the absolutive singular marker is D{ŋa}, rather than the usual D{na}. The inflectional stems are {ikcum} in singular, and {ikkun} in plural as expected.
Predicative: The exclamatory form is {ikka} (new orthography: ikka; old orthography: íka). Adding the anaphoric prefix {ta(ð)}* does not affect the gemination of /k/, so the form is taakka, old orthography táika.
Adverbial inflection: The adverbial stem is {ik}. The locative, allative, ablative and vialis are formed regularly with {ani}, {uŋa}, {aŋŋa}, {uuna}.

Kleinschmidt [SK71] adds that the prefixed, pronominal forms may lengthen the /a/, and then inject /j/, e.g. taajanna, taajakku etc., which would allow these forms to be distinguished from the corresponding forms of {uv}D. However, it is unclear to what extent this is used nowadays.

Meanings and examples

Tags: Restricted, Closer to speaker

ikani, taakani, in the area over there [SK71]

Adverbial locative form.
ikannga, taakannga, from there; thence [SK71]

Adverbial ablative form.
ikuuna, taakuuna, through there; via there [SK71]

Adverbial vialis form.
ikunga, taakunga, to there; thither [SK71]

Adverbial allative form.
ikka!, there (he is)! [SK71]

Exclamatory form

This meaning is older and likely not used nowadays. It is not listed in Oqaatsit [MFSJLK10]. Kleinschmidt [SK71] notes it is the opposite meaning of {kig}D.

Tags: Restricted, Rightwards, Closer to speaker

Search the corpus for further examples.

References

[MFSJLK10] Michael Fortescue, Steven Jacobson, Lawrence Kaplan (2010): Comparative Eskimo Dictionary (2ED).
[SK71] Samuel Kleinschmidt (1871): Den grønlandske Ordbog.
[CWSL58] C.W. Schultz-Lorentzen (1958): Den Grønlandske Ordbog.
[CWSL51] C.W. Schultz-Lorentzen (1951): Det Vestgrønlandske Sprog.
[JP67] Jonathan Petersen (1967): Ordbogêraĸ.
[CBBJRPIKJR97] Christian Berthelsen, Birgitte Jakobsen, Robert Petersen, Inge Kleivan & Jørgen Rischel (1997): Oqaatsit.